We are the combination of four hospitals: the General Hospital, the Children’s Hospital, the Women’s Hospital and the Traumatology, Rehabilitation and Burns Hospital. We are part of the Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus: a world-leading health park where healthcare plays a crucial role.
Patients are the centre and the core of our system. We are professionals committed to quality care and our organizational structure breaks down the traditional boundaries between departments and professional groups, with an exclusive model of knowledge areas.
Would you like to know what your stay at Vall d'Hebron will be like? Here you will find all the information.
The commitment of Vall d'Hebron University Hospital to innovation allows us to be at the forefront of medicine, providing first class care adapted to the changing needs of each patient.
If you have a newborn at home, you must follow the same precautionary measures that healthcare professionals recommend to the rest of the population. It is especially important to maintain good hygiene practices, especially on the hands, both for the parents and the baby, and take isolation measures in case of possible contagions.
In the actual epidemiological situation, and considering babies situation, hospital and home visits should be limited to those strictly necessary and avoid receiving friends or family. Complying with #Iamstayingathome is essential to contain the virus and avoid undesired infections.
In the case of women who are newly mothers and infected, data do not show intrauterine transmission through the placenta or perinatal transmission. This means that there’s no mother-child vertical transmission of the disease during pregnancy.
If the mother is infected, specialists will perform appropriate tests for the newborn and, if necessary, prescribe the most appropriate treatment and recommendations for both.
Although the reason why infection rate in newborns is low is still unknown, according to studies so far, if the baby is infected with COVID-19, the risk of serious complications from the virus is low and the more likely you are to have a mild symptomatology.
If your baby has any symptoms associated with COVID-19, please contact your health care authorities.
The menopause is:
The menopause marks the end of the fertile stage of a woman's life. It is a consequence of the natural ageing of the ovaries and the end of their reproductive and hormonal function. During this process of losing fertility, some hormonal disorders can arise that affect the way the body works.
As well as the natural menopause we have just described, there is also induced menopause, caused by removing the ovaries, chemotherapy treatment or radiotherapy treatment, autoimmune diseases or abnormal ovary function.
The menopause is considered to be early if it happens before the age of 40 years and late if it happens after the age of 57.
The lack of oestrogen in the short term can cause:
1. Hot flushes and sweats: the lack of oestrogen causes the body's temperature to increase by almost 1 degree. Generally, hot flushes or a feeling of suffocation start at the thorax and rise up to the head and across the whole body. When a hot flush has happened, the body starts the process of going back to normal and in order to do so it produces sweat, which is the mechanism for reducing body temperature. Sweats may be as bothersome as or more so than hot flushes. 60%-80% of women experience them. 2. The frequency of hot flushes may be once a day or every half an hour. Normally, episodes occur at night. They usually last between three and six minutes. This situation can go on for six months or two to three years on average. 15%-20% of women will, however, have them for the rest of their lives. 3. Dizziness: a feeling of sickness and a sensation of not being stable. 4. Paraesthesia: a burning or pricking sensation or a feeling of extremities having fallen to sleep. 5. Psychological symptoms: often associated with hot flushes or suffocation. The changes that take place for women during climacteric - which incorporates pre-menopause and menopause and lasts between 5 and 15 years - are the consequence, on the one hand, of endocrine and metabolic changes and, on the other hand, of an individual's psychological characteristics and social factors. The symptoms are:
These come about 5-10 years after the beginning of menopause.
1. Urinary alterations or genitourinary syndrome of menopause
The symptoms are:
Current treatment is based on physiotherapy to improve pelvic floor muscle strength. Treatment with oestrogen improves mucosal trophism and can help to decrease symptoms and improve the symptomatology.
2. Skin alterations
The skin may also undergo changes caused by oestrogen deficiency, as well as by other age-related or external factors, such as exposure to sunlight. The passage of time leads to decreased collagen and skin thickness, which causes the skin to become looser, more wrinkled and to lose its elasticity and sensitivity.
3. Sexuality during menopause
The arrival of the menopause does not mean that a women's sex life has come to an end. The opposite perception is also mistaken. It depends more on social and cultural factors than on hormones.
The menopause brings with it certain changes and may lead to some disorders, but this does not mean a loss of femininity:
These begin to appear 10 years or more after the beginning of menopause.
The lack of oestrogen in the long term can cause:
Osteoporosis
Cardiovascular Diseases
During the reproductive stage of their lives, women experience a greater degree of protection against cardiovascular diseases than men thanks to the action of oestrogen on the body.
With the lack of oestrogen during the menopause, women enter the risk group for cardiovascular diseases. The cardiovascular disease risk factors identified in women are:
The definition of the menopause is one year without having a period. Aside from that, the diagnosis will be clinical on account of all of the symptomatology explained above and also the findings of general tests, where there will be an increase in cholesterol, but the main signs relate to hormones, with a major increase in gonadotropins and particularly more than 40 IU/l FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and oestrogen deficiency, with values below 18 pg/ml.
Healthy habits should be maintained during the menopause.
The menopause DOES NOT need to be treated but THERE ARE treatments to reduce some of the symptoms and improve the quality of life of affected women.
Phytoestrogens:
Hormonal treatment:
Oestrogen deficiency leads to the changes that some women experience. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) involves supplementing these hormones. HRT allows minimum hormonal levels to be restored, allowing some women who have severe symptoms to retain a good quality of life.
Medical consensus also warns of some risks:
Most cases of back pain are caused by muscle pain due to mechanical overloading of the spine, static positions, physical exertion and bad movements that cause a muscle spasm and pain. A bio-mechanical alteration of the small posterior joints of the vertebrae that cause nerve irritation with a spasm of the surrounding paravertebral muscles.
The most frequent types are mechanical lumbar pain, where you can find spasms of the lumbar region or the pyramidal muscles, with the pain radiating towards the gluteal region.
You can observe phenomena such as wear, osteoarthritis of these joints, protrusion of the discs or disc herniation can make these spasms be more or less frequent. The next, in terms of frequency, is neck pain, which can cause pain towards the shoulders, or even tension-related headaches. These are more directly related to bad posture and spasms of the trapezoid and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
Yes, and most of the time it is multi-factor. People with the following issues can suffer it:
Sciatica is an irritation of the sciatic nerve, which starts at the lower lumbar area and radiates throughout the gluteus, all the way to the posterior part of the leg. This irritation can be caused by a herniated disc, foraminal stenosis, or a pyramidal muscle spasm, which all present a similar clinical picture, pseudo-sciatica.
Hernias are caused by a rupture of the inter-vertebral disc that causes the extrusion (it moves outwards) of its contents, which can come in contact with the root of the nerve that runs alongside it and produce a painful irritation that will radiate along the nerve's whole trajectory.
Can having muscle spasms on a regular basis be indicative of a more severe back problem?
Not necessarily. It depends on many factors. It is best to see a specialist so they can orient a proper diagnosis for muscle spasms.
It is best to combine both, though it depends. You should never do any exercises that cause pain while you are doing them or afterwards. You can stretch, for example, which can help relax muscles and ease the pain. Total bed rest is not beneficial either.
It depends on the diagnosis. They are not recommended in general terms, though they can alleviate pain during a certain period of the day, depending on the type of activity being performed and the pathology in question. We always recommend that they only be used when prescribed by a doctor.
They must always be prescribed by a doctor. The best thing to do is decrease the intensity of your daily activity, rest a bit, apply gentle heat locally for 15 minutes at a time and take a conventional analgesic, and if the pain does not improve, you can take an anti-inflammatory, assuming it has been recommended by a doctor and has been effective in the past.
The quality of your rest at night is important for improving back pain. If pain is interfering with your sleep patterns, you’ll wake up feeling worse, with more spasms and pain. Sleeping in postures that cause pain, such as flat on your back or flat on your stomach, is not recommended. Sleeping on your side, or in a foetal position can help with the pain. You can place pillows or cushions between your legs if you are on your side, or under your stomach if you are lying face-down, to try to alleviate the pain and be able to rest.
They can make it worse if you don't use adequate footwear. You should use comfortable shoes, with a snug fit, least a 2 cm sole, and a wedge heel. Shoes should never be totally flat.
As well as regular physical activity and good posture, are there any other things we can do to prevent back pain?
The most important things would be to keep a correct height/weight ratio, eating well and also another recommendation would be to work in an adapted environment.
Yes, there are specific exercises. In general, any that strengthen the abdominal area. It is best if these are prescribed by a professional in that field, since they really do need to be adapted to each person’s morphology. As a general recommendation, you can find exercises, for example, on the website for the Sociedad Española de Rehabilitación y Medicina Física (Spanish Society for Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine), under the “Exercises” header.
Personal hygiene is essential for protection against microbes and bacteria. People who shower every day and clean their hands frequently are protecting themselves against many diseases.
It is important to take care of our hands, mouth, feet and genitals. These are the parts of the body that have greater contact with bacteria and which need special attention.
Be careful when you sneeze or cough. Throw away used tissues and clean any items you have touched. These are small actions that improve everyone’s quality of life. By taking care of ourselves, we are taking care of others.
If you have a pet, it is important to maintain basic rules of hygiene relating to the animal and to the spaces in the house it lives in.
A person who fails to take care of their personal hygiene may catch various diseases and infections. For example, failure to clean our teeth can cause decay and bad breath. Cardiovascular diseases as well. Bacteria from the plaque in our gums can enter the body through the bloodstream. When such bacteria reach our heart, they increase our possibility of having a heart attack.
Failure to wash our hands after going to the toilet can result in diseases such as the common cold, the flu, chicken pox, meningitis, gastroenteritis and ’hepatitis A.
You can enjoy good personal hygiene by following these recommendations:
This is the best way to eliminate dirt, sweat, dead cells and bacteria. Especially take a shower after you have done some sport. If that is not possible, you can use a damp towel to clean your body at the end of the day.
Wash your armpits thoroughly with soap and water every day. This is important for protecting against body odour. Use a deodorant or antiperspirant too These products help to control excess sweat and body odour.
You do not need to wash your hair every day. It depends on your habits and your hair type. It is recommended to wash your hair at least once a week with an appropriate shampoo. It is also advisable to have your hair cut every three months or, at the very least, twice a year. That way it stays healthy.
It is important you wash your hands frequently, to eliminate dirt and bacteria. It also helps to prevent the spreading of respiratory and diarrhoeal infections from one person to another.
You must wash your hands and wrists with soap and water:
Cleaning your teeth helps to protect against gum diseases such as gingivitis. And bad breath too. To eliminate the accumulation of bacteria in your mouth, your brushing should last between 4 and 5 minutes. It is advisable to start from the front of your teeth. Afterwards, continue with the inside and, finally, your molars. You should ideally brush your teeth after every meal. If not, you can brush them twice a day: in the morning and before you go to bed.
Do not forget your tongue. It has to be cleaned with your toothbrush from inside to outside. You can also use a specific cleaner for your tongue. For good oral-dental health, you should visit your dentist twice a year.
Our skin produces oils every day that block its pores. These can cause eruptions and acne. Which is why you need to wash your face at least twice a day.
Facial skin is more sensitive than the rest of the body’s skin. This is why we recommend you use a facial cleaner adapted to your individual skin type. Anyone with dry skin should avoid using alcohol-based cleansers. It is best to use hypo-allergenic cleansers for sensitive skin. If you use make-up, you should use a special cleanser and wash your face afterwards.
Fingernails and toenails need to be frequently cut to prevent dirt from accumulating underneath them. That way you can protect the skin of your feet against infections and conditions.
Do not share personal-hygiene items as they may contain bacteria. Electric shavers, brushes, tweezers, sponges, make-up, lipstick, deodorant balls or bars... It is better to have your own personal-hygiene items.
People who wear clean clothes always look better and feel better. Moreover, dirty clothes may contain micro-organisms and cause skin infections.
Underclothes must be changed every day. You are advised to put on clean clothes after you take a shower or bath.
Shirts and T-shirts are best cleaned after use. Trousers and skirts, by contrast, can be worn more before they need to be washed.
Clothes that contain vomit, fluids resulting from wounds, sweat, contaminated food or which have been in contact with animals, must be washed at 60 degrees and separately. This eliminates bacteria and the possible spread of disease. After you wash your clothes, you need to dry them immediately. If they remain wet for too long, they may give off a dank odour and cause skin infections.
It is not advisable to leave dirty plates and cutlery in the sink for hours or your dishwasher full, after each meal. Food leftovers encourage the growth of micro-organisms that can cause infections, such as salmonella.
Kitchen sinks can accumulate more bacteria than a bathroom or toilet bowl. They can be disinfected every day with vinegar and bicarbonate of soda or bleach.
Your cleaning cloth should also be changed every week, as it accumulates a large quantity of bacteria.
Glasses and contact lenses must be kept clean to avoid infections, such as conjunctivitis and keratitis. They need to be cleaned with specific products.
If you do not have these products, you can clean your glasses with soap and water. You must never clean them with saliva or clothing. Contact lenses must be cleaned with a special solution after use.
It is not advisable to walk barefoot at home, as large quantities of bacteria accumulate on the floor. Walking without shoes or sandals can cause infections, such as athlete’s foot. Bacteria cause peeling and itchiness in the lower part of the feet and the build up of fungus in the nails.
If a woman is pregnant, can she transmit the virus to her baby?
According to the data that is currently available, there is no evidence of mother-to-child vertical transmission. This means that a mother cannot transmit the virus to her unborn child, either via the placenta or during birth. Thus far, in the cases where newborns were infected, this happened post-partum, hours after they were born.
The studies carried out show that the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spreads via the respiratory route, when in close contact with someone who is infected. Transmission occurs through small droplets that come from the nose and mouth of an infected person when they cough or exhale. Therefore, it spreads in a similar manner to the flu and other respiratory viruses.
What measures should a pregnant woman take as regards COVID-19?
The preventative measures that a pregnant woman should take are the same as those for any other person:
Follow the link to find more health advice on how to avoid being infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.
Does COVID-19 affect the birth plan?
Having COVID-19 should not affect how you plan on giving birth. The birth will be vaginal, unless there’s another cause that justifies a C-section.
What should a pregnant woman do if she suspects she has COVID-19?
Currently, there is not enough data on the relationship between the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and pregnancy and its possible effects. In the scientific literature, eighteen cases of pregnant women with COVID-19 have been described in China. In these cases, the women contracted the virus during the third trimester of pregnancy and the symptoms were mild, without severe pneumonia. Thus, it is recommended that there be early care and strict monitoring of the pregnancy in the case of suspected infection, to minimise any possible risk of premature birth or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
Informació per a dones embarassades i les seves famílies del Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya
People with Crohn’s diseases must eat a varied and balanced diet, contributing energy and all the nutrients appropriate to the needs of each person according to age, gender, constitution and level of physical activity.
The balanced diet should be based on three rules:
Based on these rules, the Generalitat de Catalunya published its revised healthy food pyramid, based on the Mediterranean diet.
The Mediterranean diet is a model that has been recognised by the international scientific community as one of the healthiest and most balanced diets in the world. Based on the trilogy of wheat, vines and olive trees, it offers a variety of very important products that allow you to combine pleasure at the dinner table with nutritional and cultural balance.
Patients at the start of an outbreak and for as long as the outbreak continues, should follow a low-calorie diet. This will stop the inflammation in the intestines from getting worse. It is, therefore, necessary to personalise diets depending on the localisation, extent and type of lesions patients present.
Traveller's diarrhoea produces a number of symptoms (the main one being diarrhoea) that occur throughout a trip or immediately after returning from one.
The cause is infectious, caused by bacteria, a virus or parasites contracted during a trip.
Half of the cases are bacterial and caused by E.coli. Among the viruses the most frequent is the norovirus, and the parasites Giardia and Campylobacter.
In most cases, natural recovery happens within a few days, without treatment with a specific antibiotic.
Patients with traveller’s diarrhoea present with frequent and abundant liquid stools, which may contain blood and mucus.
Additionally, patients almost always experience abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and often a high fever.
Traveller's diarrhoea can affect anyone, especially those travelling to lesser developed countries.
It is most common in young travellers (20-35 years) and during long trips, usually occurring within the first few weeks.
In most cases, since traveller's diarrhoea is self-limiting, no specific diagnostic measures are taken, but the symptoms are treated, especially with oral rehydration solutions to avoid dehydration.
Diagnosis by stool cultures that look for parasites, viruses or causative bacteria, is reserved for cases in which symptoms last more than a week.
Cases of traveller's diarrhoea usually occur on trips where healthcare is poor and oral rehydration should be started as soon as possible.
The treatment of traveller's diarrhoea involves maintaining an adequate degree of hydration in order to maintain the amount of water, mineral salts and glucose that the body needs, and which are altered by the presence of diarrhoea and vomiting.
Oral rehydration solutions, either in liquid form or sachets for dissolving in clean water, are ideal in these cases. Degassed carbonated drinks may be a temporary solution if oral rehydration is not available.
If symptoms persist for more than four days, or are severe, medical advice should be sought, even in an area with poor healthcare.
The use of antibiotics in these cases has not been proven advantageous and is not advised.
The use of anti-diuretics is also debatable, as they may impede the expulsion of diarrhoea necessary to start the recovery process.
They are not always recommended.
Specific testing is not initially indicated.
Early treatment for diarrhoea with an oral rehydration solution is fundamental as previously indicated.
Prevention is fundamental in order to avoid traveller’s diarrhoea though complete prevention is never possible.
Drinking water and water used for tooth-brushing must be bottled or sterilised with a sterilisation tablet for such use.
Only cooked foods should be consumed, never raw.
Salads must be avoided, above all.
Fruit should be eaten only after having been washed with clean water and peeled with a clean knife.
Do not let children in the kitchen while you are cooking.
Some of the utensils most associated with domestic accidents:
In the kitchen:
In the bathroom:
Rest of the house:
Electricity, plug sockets, electrical extension lead, clothes iron by contact or steam.
Other most common injuries
What to do when you burn yourself, using some of the methods below:
And above all, if the burn is very painful, visit a health centre.
If blisters appear, there is loss of skin, or white or pearly blotches after cooling, you must keep the affected area covered with gauze, a towel, a sheet, etc.
If there is pain, cold water can be applied to this cover.
If the injuries only cover a small area, you should first go to a health centre. For more widespread injuries, go to the hospital accident and emergency department or 112 emergency services.
If the burn is on the face, neck, hands, major joints, groin or perineum (the area between the genitals and the anus), it should be assessed by a specialist.
Special care should be taken with children and the elderly as they may require special attention to their injuries.
The World Health Organization aims to prevent the international spread of infectious diseases. For this reason, recommendations are issued to help prevent these diseases and to suggest the necessary vaccines according to the nature of the trip. It is important to take into account that the majority of these illnesses can be avoided.
When you are planning a trip you should bear in mind a number of risks so that you can enjoy a healthy trip and avoid getting an infection. You should think about:
Once the previous point has been assessed, it is a good idea to establish a series of preventive measures, in the following three stages:
1. Think about the condition of foods and drinks, as well as taking certain hygiene and safety measures, such as:
2. Climatological and physical factors must be taken into account:
3. You should consider the presence of insects and other animals (protection or barrier measures should be taken):
4. Bear in mind time zone changes (jet lag)
5. Do not forget prevention of sexually transmitted disease
6. It is important to respect the culture and customs of the countries you are visiting
Should the person who has travelled have any health issues after returning from the trip or during travel, it is advisable for them to be medically assessed (at a primary care centre or a specialised travel clinic).
Likewise, you are advised to have a medical evaluation three months after travelling, since there are diseases that do not manifest themselves immediately. Healthcare staff will also need to be informed of you having travelled to a tropical zone up to 12 months after having done so.
Centres vacunals
Vacunació internacional
Preguntes freqüents de l'OMS
Breast milk let-down may take 2 to 5 days after birth and the breasts may become swollen, hot, and may hurt. The best remedy is to breastfeed the baby to relieve symptoms and prevent breast engorgement or inflammation of the breasts. Mild discomfort is alleviated with a gentle self-massage towards the nipple, to facilitate emptying of the breast prior to breastfeeding. If the discomfort worsens and / or fever appears, you should consult the midwife or go to the emergency room.
If an episiotomy is performed or the perineum is torn, for the care of the stitches, the area should be washed with water and neutral soap once a day, keep the area dry, use cotton pads without plastic and change them frequently.
An episiotomy heals 7-10 days after delivery and the stitches usually fall out on their own. In case of caesarean section, there is no problem with showering, as long as the stitches are dried well. The wound will heal in 5 or 6 days (full healing will take a few more days) and the stitches or staples will be removed between the sixth and the seventh day by the midwife at the health centre.
Lochia is bleeding that occurs in the postpartum period and lasts 6 to 8 weeks after delivery. It changes colour and decreases in quantity over the days. The smell of this discharge is similar to that of menstrual flow. In the event that a bad odour occurs, it is recommended you visit the health centre or hospital to rule out the existence of an infection.
In the postpartum period, feelings of sadness and frequent mood changes (sadness, crying and euphoria) may occur. It is a normal adaptive reaction to changes and is known as maternity blues or postpartum depression.
It can occur between the 3rd and 5th day after delivery and disappears after approximately 15 days. If this situation lengthens over time or symptoms worsen, the midwife or the nearest qualified professional should be consulted.
The first postpartum review with the midwife is usually carried out around the seventh day after delivery. It is advisable to attend with your partner, in order to assess the adaptation and resolve any doubts or difficulties, and with the baby, to be able to assess breastfeeding.
After 6 or 8 weeks following delivery, another routine visit is carried out, where the general physical and psychological state of the mother and breastfeeding are assessed. It is a good time to consider contraception, and the condition of the pelvic floor and its musculature should be assessed.
It is necessary to attend the baby’s monitoring visits with your paediatrician and with the infirmary.
During "quarantine" it is recommended you avoid:
If the woman wants to have sex, this can be restarted during this period. It is recommended that a condom is used.
The first menstruation appears around 40 days after delivery in mothers who are not breastfeeding. Those who breastfeed their children do not generally resume their menstrual cycle until weaning, although they are not, even so, without risk of pregnancy.
It is recommended you find out about contraceptive methods from the midwife of the primary care centre. It must be customised in each case and take into account whether there is breastfeeding or artificial feeding, since this, along with other health history, will help define the most appropriate method. Emergency contraception is a valid option also for this period.
It is necessary to go to the emergency department or consult your midwife upon the occurrence during the postpartum of these warning signs:
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