We are the combination of four hospitals: the General Hospital, the Children’s Hospital, the Women’s Hospital and the Traumatology, Rehabilitation and Burns Hospital. We are part of the Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus: a world-leading health park where healthcare plays a crucial role.
Below we will list the departments and units that form part of Vall d’Hebron Hospital and the main diseases that we treat. We will also make recommendations based on advice backed up by scientific evidence that has been shown to be effective in guaranteeing well-being and quality of life.
Vols saber com serà la teva estada a l’Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron? Aquí trobaràs tota la informació.
Infants with a primary immunodeficiency (PI) are more susceptible to recurring, lingering, serious and uncommon infections. For this reason, you need to take into account the precautions required to prevent them.
Primary immunodeficiencies are a group of genetic disorders in which the immune system functions improperly. There are more than 300 different types of primary immunodeficiency illnesses (PI), from fairly minor illnesses to other more serious ones that may prove fatal if not treated properly.
Regardless of the age at which the illness begins, it should be considered a chronic process for life. The initial symptoms resemble common illnesses (sinus infection, ear infection, fever, etc.) and this can lead to a delay in their diagnosis.
The following warning signs may cause suspicion of an immune deficiency:
These infants are more susceptible to recurring, lingering, serious and unusual infections. At the same time, they are more likely to suffer from autoimmune diseases, allergies and abnormal tissue growth.
For this reason the necessary precautions must be taken to prevent infections. The strictness with which these measures must be applied will depend on the seriousness of picture presented and will have to be agreed with medical personnel:
The treatment chosen is up to your paediatrician and will depend on the type of PI and other factors. Most infants will, however, need the following treatment:
There are currently excellent collaboration channels between the biggest PI organisations, which provide optimum connections between medical staff and scientists (ESID - European Society for Immunodeficiencies), nursing staff (INGID - International Nursing Group for Immunodeficiencies) and patients (IPOPI - International Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies).
In Catalonia, the Associació Catalana de Dèficits Immunitaris Primaris (ACADIP - Catalan Association for Primary Immunodeficiencies) aims to support patients and their families, and to campaign for the scientific community to increase research into new PI treatments. You can find further information on the association’s website: www.acadip.org.
Proper control of risk factors, coupled with recommendations for lifestyle changes, can prevent up to 90% of stroke cases. These elements, together with the pharmacological treatments prescribed by the specialist, can also reduce the risk of recurrence and first episodes of other cardiovascular diseases with common risk factors.
These measures also benefit other aspects of health if followed in your daily life.
Cystic fibrosis is a multi-system disease that affects the exocrine glands and is transmitted via a recessive gene. The illness is characterised by the accumulation of thick and viscous mucus in the lungs, the digestive tract and other areas of the body.
The lack of effective removal of mucus initiates and exacerbates the lung disease cystic fibrosis and gives rise to the inability to prevent and eradicate the bacterial infection effectively.
In cystic fibrosis, inhalation therapy improves:
Aerosol therapy is a treatment method based on administering substances in aerosol form by inhalation. An aerosol is a stable suspension of solid or liquid particles in the air, like oxygen.
The main advantage of aerosol therapy is that the aerosol is deposited directly on the respiratory tract, which allows greater concentrations of the substance converted into aerosol form to reach the bronchi and lungs, and with fewer side effects than if the blood stream is used.
A nebuliser is a device used to administer drug solutions or suspensions, in liquid form, via inhalation through a mask or a pipette (depending on the patient’s personal preferences and the indications of medical personnel).
Nebulisers may be classified according to the type of compressor that they use to generate the particles to be inhaled. Models that are easy to assemble and disassemble for patients are preferable.
There are currently three types of nebuliser:
Nebulisers comprise a nebulisation chamber, where the liquid to be nebulised is introduced and the aerosol created, and an energy source to allow the nebuliser to function.
One of the risks associated with using nebulisers is pulmonary infection, so the reservoir needs to be cleaned properly each time it is used.
Once nebulisation is complete, all the pieces need to be disassembled in order to clean them with hot water and soap. They must then be cleared, dried completely by air and stored in a dry place.
It is recommended that the first dose of a new drug is administered at the hospital to check that it has no adverse effects.
Nebuliser therapy is given to patients and caregivers and they are educated in handling, use, cleaning and maintenance of different devices, as well as in how to prepare the medication, focusing on and emphasising correctly following the treatment plan.
Once pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been diagnosed, pharmacological treatment should begin and the infant’s habits should be changed. Consistency in both elements is required to keep the illness under control.
It is important to take into account the following:
Pulmonary hypertension requires highly specialised treatment, therefore, each case needs to be treated in reference units with a multidisciplinary team.
Nursing staff equip the child’s main carers and, depending on their age, the child, with the knowledge, skills and aptitudes they need to manage and treat the condition at home.
Although the main symptom is difficulty breathing, initially following exercise and later when resting, the symptoms in paediatrics are non-specific and depend on the age of the child and the evolution of the illness:
Look out for the following warning signs and, if they appear, see a doctor:
Multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease of the central nervous system, disabling, chronic and with a high degree of complexity and heterogeneity. Specialised multidisciplinary care is therefore required during diagnosis, follow-up and treatment.
Current evidence is insufficient to give advice on preventing multiple sclerosis. It is, however, advised that your have a healthy lifestyle and carry out activities as normal. Multiple sclerosis affects women more than men, often appears in young adults and is the second biggest cause of non-traumatic disability.
When agreeing with the patient to start them on a drug to treat symptoms or multiple sclerosis itself:
The symptoms of multiple sclerosis can vary greatly, so you are advised to consult specialists when you feel:
Although there is no scientific evidence that allows us to make concrete recommendations to prevent or change the course of the illness, there is a whole host of advice about diet, habits and physical exercise that patients and, in general, the entire population, should bear in mind:
You are also advised, should you suffer fatigue, to continue daily activity and stay active, combining moments of activity with moments of relaxation as well as to seek energy-saving strategies.
Vitamin D has an important role to play in relation to the illness, which is being researched intensively. Often, people affected present a deficiency of this vitamin, so you are advised to take a supplement under instructions and supervision by your specialist.
Multiple sclerosis is a complex and chronic illness, so it is recommended that those around the person affected are given adequate and comprehensive information. It is also a good idea to have access to ongoing advice whenever necessary.
The family or professional carer, where necessary, may need training and practical advice on topics such as diet, hygiene and the patient’s mobility.
Health education in the diagnosis, at the beginning of the treatment and for the mobilisation of the disabled patient.
Ampullary epidermolysis is a group of genetic disorders that may present themselves in various ways, from milder forms to more severe ones: affecting the skin and mucous membranes, involving the formation of blisters and vesicles after the slightest trauma. They can also affect other organs, in different ways.
The best thing is if the patients, their families and their caregivers receive comprehensive health education, especially when they are first diagnosed, during the baby’s first few days, when skin lesions can already begin to occur.
The education aimed at preventing the evolution and complications of the disease will be given by professionals from the following disciplines:
Skin affected by ampullary epidermolysis is very sensitive to the slightest pressure or friction, which then causes a blister to form. To avoid damage, bear in mind the following recommendations:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) causes muscular degeneration that can affect motor autonomy, oral communication, swallowing and breathing, but the senses, intellect and eyes muscles remain intact. It can therefore affect the respiratory muscles, which is why respiratory care is essential for patients’ quality of life.
In order to improve the respiratory difficulties in patients, ventilation therapy can be used through non-invasive ventilation.
Ventilation therapy refers to breathing support using a ventilator, usually at night during sleep, to achieve:
Ventilation is carried out non-invasively, by means of a patient-adjusted mask (nasal or full face) connected by a tube to the ventilator or respirator.
When patients need this therapy, the place and time it is started, whether outpatient or hospital admission, is planned in a personalised way with the consent of the patient and the person caring for them.
Education for the patient and their main carer should begin as soon as possible, both from the point of view of managing secretions and the resulting care, as well as the emotional support they need to receive. This means that during the patient’s admission or outpatient visit, the patient and their carer will be trained in:
The patient and the carer must take care to keep the airway in good condition to allow secretions to be managed. It is important to preserve the ability to cough where possible, but if coughing is no longer effective, the patient and carer will need to start learning how to use mechanical aids (cough assist or mechanically assisted cough). In certain cases secretion suction may also be used.
To improve the quality of life of patients it is important to follow the advice below:
The most effective way of avoiding the illness is vaccination. The diphtheria vaccination is highly effective and is administered as part of the Systematic Immunisation Programme in Catalonia (Programa de vacunacions sistemàtiques).
Diphtheria is transmitted via the respiratory tract, mainly, and also by direct contact with a sick person or a healthy carrier of the bacteria. The illness may affect the tonsils, pharynx, the larynx, the nasal mucous membrane and, much less frequently, the skin or other mucous membranes. The bacteria forms a thick grey membrane with a dark red swollen area around it, which in the case of the nose and throat may obstruct the respiratory tract.
Some people may carry the bacteria in their nose or throat. If these people are vaccinated they will not develop the illness, but they may transmit the bacterium to other people via droplets produced when they sneeze or cough. The existence of carriers in countries with no cases of the illness is very rare.
A stroke is a clinical syndrome characterised by rapid development of signs of neurological involvement lasting more than 24 hours. Vascular in origin, a stroke is considered a medical emergency that requires immediate diagnosis and treatment.
The person who has suffered a stroke usually needs further rehabilitation but, in general, it is important to respect their initiative and autonomy, even if it takes them longer, and to avoid overprotection.
Recommendations and treatment for relatives and carers
The treatment for Coeliac disease is to follow a strict gluten-free diet for life. A gluten-free diet should be based on a varied and balanced diet combining foods that do not contain gluten, including gluten-free cereals. Cross contamination at home should also be taken into account (making sure foods suitable for Coeliacs have not come into contact with other foods, utensils or surfaces that contain gluten) and precautions taken when eating out. It is also important to always check the ingredients list on food labels. This sheet contains basic tips on having a gluten-free diet in a safe and balanced way.
Gluten is a protein complex found in cereals. It is made up of two proteins, gliadin and glutenin. It is important that Coeliac patients permanently remove foods containing gliadin and glutenin from their diet. This means eliminating wheat, barley, rye, oats, triticale (a hybrid of wheat and rye) and all derivatives.
Although foods must be removed from their diet, patients with Coeliac disease must follow a balanced diet, ensuring they get sufficient nutrients. To achieve this you need to incorporate a wide variety of foods with different preparation and cooking methods.
Patients with Coeliac disease should base their diet on dairy, meat, fish, eggs, fruit, vegetables and pulses, and cereals they can eat, such as corn, rice, quinoa, millet, amaranth, sorghum, teff or buckwheat. Sugar and processed foods should be ingested to a lesser extent.
Foods should be prepared as normal, avoiding cross contamination: boiled, steamed, grilled, fried or baked. Batter and breadcrumbs should be made with flour or bread that is suitable for Coeliacs.
It is important to take care with processed or packaged foods. It is harder to avoid cross contamination in processed foods.
Read product labels carefully when you are buying food that is not fresh. Some foods naturally do not contain gluten, but in their commercially available form they do, as gluten is sometimes added during the manufacturing process. To be on the safe side, it is therefore better to avoid unlabelled products, such as those bought in bulk or handmade products.
It is a good idea to have a space set aside just for storing gluten-free foods. You should also use clean cooking utensils to make sure they have not come into contact with products containing gluten.
When eating out, take precautions. It is important to make sure that what you eat has not come into contact with any food containing gluten. One example would be oils in which foods containing gluten have been fried.
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