The role of family members and caregivers in delirium prevention

Why is it important?

Delirium is a state of confusion that appears suddenly and mainly affects older adults, especially during hospitalisation. Although it is usually temporary, detecting it early allows healthcare professionals to act quickly and reduce the risk of complications.

How can you help?

Help them stay oriented

Gently remind them where they are, what day it is, and why they are there. It can also be helpful to keep a visible clock and calendar nearby.

Speak calmly and provide reassurance

Use a calm tone of voice, make eye contact, and use simple sentences. If they are confused, avoid arguing or correcting them abruptly.

Make sure they have access to their usual aids

Check that their glasses, hearing aids, or dentures are within reach if they use them. Being able to see and hear well makes communication easier and helps maintain orientation.

Maintain a routine

Whenever possible, encourage them to stay awake and active during the day and to get exposure to natural light. At night, try to ensure they can rest in a calm environment.

Stimulate their mind

Talk with them, encourage them to read, listen to music, look at family photographs, or take part in activities they enjoy. Staying mentally active can also help prevent delirium.

Encourage mobility, nutrition, and hydration

Whenever possible, encourage them to move, eat properly, and drink enough fluids, following the recommendations of healthcare professionals.

During hospitalisation

Warning signs

Delirium can appear suddenly, and symptoms may vary throughout the day.

Be aware if the person:

• Becomes confused or disoriented.
• Does not know where they are or what day it is.
• Says things that do not make sense or has difficulty following a conversation.
• Sees or hears things that are not there.
• Shows sudden changes in behaviour, such as irritability, aggression, or mistrust.
• Does not recognise family members or people close to them.
• Is very sleepy or, on the contrary, very restless or agitated, especially at night.
• Has difficulty maintaining attention or seems more forgetful than usual.

If you notice these signs

Inform the healthcare team as soon as possible. Stay calm, provide support, and avoid arguing or trying to convince the person that they are wrong. Healthcare professionals will assess the possible causes of delirium and apply the most appropriate measures.