Conjunctivitis
This is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that covers the eyelid and the white part of the eyeball. When small blood vessels of the conjunctiva become inflamed, they become more visible, so this layer turns red. The most common cause is a viral or bacterial infection, a reaction to an allergen or an irritant. This is a very common condition in the general population.
The following three types of conjunctivitis may be found:
- Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis: most incidences of conjunctivitis are viral (adenovirus). Viral conjunctivitis usually starts in one eye and, since it is a contagious disease, can affect the other eye after about 2-3 days. Both are contagious pathologies.
- Allergic conjunctivitis: allergic conjunctivitis affects both eyes and is a response to an allergen, which causes the release of histamine and produces the typical symptoms of allergies such as sneezing, eye itching, etc.
- Irritative conjunctivitis: eye irritation due to contact with a chemical substance or foreign body can also be associated with conjunctivitis.
Symptoms
- Red eye
- Itching
- Sensation of having something in the eye
- Stinging
- Teary eyes
- Rheum discharge
- Periocular puffiness
Who is affected by the condition?
It can affect any person of any age.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of conjunctivitis is clinical, by means of good medical history and an examination by the primary care doctor and/or, on specific occasions, by the ophthalmologist.
The most common test is a biomicroscopic examination with a slit lamp. On certain occasions a sample of conjunctival exudate can be collected for a culture, especially if the suspicion is of a bacterial conjunctivitis.
Typical treatment
For viral conjunctivitis, being a viral infection, the main treatment is waiting, as the body itself is able to combat the infection. Hydrating eye drops can be used frequently to soothe the discomfort, in addition to washing with saline solution if there is an accumulation of secretions, or even sometimes additional anti-inflammatory drops according to the clinical picture.
Bacterial conjunctivitis is usually treated with topical antibiotics, except on certain occasions that may require systemic antibiotic treatment. Hydrating eye drops can also be used to soothe the discomfort in addition to washing with saline solution if there is an accumulation of secretions.
In the case of an allergic conjunctivitis, anti-histamines can normally be used to reduce itching and inflammation, although hydrating drops and washing with cold saline solution can also be useful for soothing symptoms.
As for conjunctivitis due to irritants, hydrating eye drops and washing with saline solution are usually enough, although depending on the origin of the irritation, it can sometimes require an anti-inflammatory or other types of drops.
Prevention
In the case of viral and bacterial conjunctivitis, prevention could be carried out by means of good hygiene (washing your hands, not touching your eyes if you live with an affected person, changing the pillows and not sharing towels).
In the case of allergic conjunctivitis, prevention is possible, avoiding contact with the allergen if known.
And for conjunctivitis due to irritants, prevention could be done through eye protection (protective glasses), especially in work environments where there may be a risk of contact with chemical substances or risk of foreign bodies entering the eye.
